英文译本。在Amazon上我能找到的所有英文译本──包括纸质书、电子书和有声书籍──都是同一个版本《The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind》。此书于1896年(也就是原著出版的后一年)由伦敦的T. Fisher Unwin出版社发行,2002年多佛出版社再版发行。作为原作同一时代的产物,这个译本的语言风格陈旧,带着浓浓的历史味。因为不懂法语,我把这部英译本作为比较的一个参考。
英译本:On the ruins of so many ideas formerly considered beyond discussion, and to-day decayed or decaying, of so many sources of authority that successive revolutions have destroyed, this power, which alone has arisen in their stead, seems soon destined to absorb the others.
英译本:It is by association that crowds have come to procure ideas with respect to their interests which are very clearly defined if not particularly just, and have arrived at a consciousness of their strength.
点评:细心的读者可以看出,以英译为蓝本的和以法语原版为准的分成了两大阵营:到底是不正当的利益,还是不正确的观念?法语译本非常一致地翻译成不正确的观念。而英译本中定语从句“very clearly defined if not particularly just”紧跟在interests(利益)之后,难怪冯和赵都把“不公正”和“利益”挂钩。我还特意参考了北京大学出版社何道宽的译本,也是如此,估计都是被英译本给带跑了。这个例子显示了法语直译的价值。从通顺程度上评,董译稍稍有点拗口,而赵译的双重否定“如果不是特别不公正的话”更加地让读者头疼。这次的赢家是陈译和陆译。
比较三
英译本:Had they been really touched by grace, a like operation could not have the same influence on minds less concerned with the preoccupations which beset these recent adherents to religion. The masses repudiate to-day the gods which their admonishers repudiated yesterday and helped to destroy. There is no power, Divine or human, that can oblige a stream to flow back to its source.
点评:此段颇有点晦涩。大家再一次地划分成两个阵营,这次的分歧在于“Had they been really touched by grace”的翻译:到底是被神明打动还是得到神明的垂爱?冯和赵说是前者,而陆、董、陈说是后者。要回答这个问题必须读上下文。这里的“they”指的是前文中说的新的皈依者,他们之前对教会不屑一顾,结果在日益壮大的群体的力量之前不知所措,只好重新求救于宗教。所以我同意陆、董、陈的翻译:这并不是英文版和法语版的区别,只需要认真读懂上下文。董译中的“不再需要被原先的主人昨日就已否认了的神祇”也太拗口了吧。赵译还有两个小错,就不一一指出了。这次的最佳我会判给陈译,然后是陆译。
比较四
英译本:Replace it by a proportional tax on wages or income of any other kind, to be paid in a lump sum, and were this new imposition theoretically ten times less burdensome than the other, it would give rise to unanimous protest. This arises from the fact that a sum relatively high, which will appear immense, and will in consequence strike the imagination, has been substituted for the unperceived fractions of a farthing. The new tax would only appear light had it been saved farthing by farthing, but this economic proceeding involves an amount of foresight of which the masses are incapable.
英译本:In this way we shall see what crowds may become, but not what they invariably are. It is only in this advanced phase of organisation that certain new and special characteristics are superposed on the unvarying and dominant character of the race; then takes place that turning already alluded to of all the feelings and thoughts of the collectivity in an identical direction.
点评:英译里的“what they invariably are”,我觉得翻译成“他们一直的状态”最贴切。invariably其实就是always的意思,我用谷歌翻译法语原文,也翻译成“一直”。陈译中的”它一成不变的状态”还算讲得过去,但是陆译把它翻译成“它们随时所处的状态”,跑偏了。第二句,陆译中“种族不变的主要内核”,这就不是地道的中文了。最后一个回合,陈剑胜出。
《1984》让我想起一部著名的老电影《飞越疯人院》,那里也有一个叛道者。电影的英文原名是《One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest》,来自一首童谣,说的是一只鹅飞到了布谷鸟的窝。这个布谷鸟的窝指的就是那家疯人院,而这只鹅就是男主角麦克墨菲。在他到来前,精神病院虽然沉闷无聊,只要你听话,遵循护士长瑞秋的意志和定下的规则,那就什么事也没有,表面上一切太平,井井有条。但是这种秩序是对人性和自由意志的剥夺,每个人都要被迫融入这个秩序,不想发言也得发言,不想听背景音乐也得听,所有的一切都是护士长说了算。麦克墨菲是对旧的秩序的挑战者,他很快就发现了护士长瑞秋对精神病人掌控的种种手段。瑞秋最可怕的不是她用的电击疗法或是脑叶切除术,而是她对病人们的心理控制:她动不动就用集体的意志(实际上是她自己的)来绑架个人,她很清楚每个病人的心理弱点,她利用他们的弱点让病人感到羞耻,从而打击他们的自信,让他们一个个服服帖帖地按着她设下的规矩行事。病人们逆来顺受,却看不出问题。麦克墨菲从他来的第一天就和这个制度格格不入,在那里闹了个天翻地覆。可惜作为一个叛道者,他的反抗失败了,但是最为一个启蒙者,他成功了,他的一番呐喊虽然没有能把铁屋子打烂,却唤醒了以酋长为代表的清醒的几个人。瑞秋没有说谎,那家精神病院确实可以来去自由,被囚禁的是昏睡的人,当自由意志觉醒时,酋长便可以砸碎窗户,毅然离去。
在《洛基》的结尾里,康(He Who Remains)对洛基说:“你就是龙背上的一只跳蚤,不管怎么折腾你都没被甩掉,也不容易。”是的,叛道者常常是身单力孤的,面对着强大的势力,它们是撼树的蚍蜉,龙背上的跳蚤,为了自由明知不可为而为之,结果叛道者往往成为了殉道者,他们付出了生命但是得到了尊敬,他们说:“不自由,毋宁死!”叛道者们,我们敬你是条汉子。
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读过《高效能人士的七个习惯》一书的读者可能会记得书中提到了“情感账户”(emotional bank account)这个概念。它和信任电池有一些相似点,都是信任的一种存储介质,但是它们又有着细微而重要的区别:情感账户是个人的,你有你的个人情感账户,我有我的账户,而信任电池是共享的。基于我们前文说的原因,信任电池更便于我们讨论两人之间的信任机制。
首先书名的翻译我觉得有待商榷。目前图书市场上都把“A Moveable Feast”译成“流动的盛宴”,但我觉得这是误译。作者的原话是这么说的:“If you are lucky enough to have lived in Paris as a young man, then wherever you go for the rest of your life, it stays with you, for Paris is a movable feast.” A Moveable Feast是一个双关语,它的本意指的是基于阴历而日期不固定的宗教节日。双关的翻译有讲究,因为一门语言里的双关在另一门语言里很可能就不再是双关──“A Moveable Feast”便是如此──翻译时可以以喻意为准。Moveable翻译成“流动”既不遵从本意(日期可以变动),也不符合喻意(stays with you),而且流动和盛宴实在不搭,也不知最早是谁把它翻译成《流动的盛宴》后就一直延续了下来。汤老在译本序里为标题给了一个很文艺的解释:“此书名为《流动的盛宴》,其意指巴黎这座世界艺术名都历久长青,人才荟萃,一些献身艺术的来到这里奋斗也在这里成名,文人沙龙,歌台舞榭,真好似朝朝寒食,夜夜元宵,年复一年,而岁岁不同,像一席流动的盛宴。”说的是不错,但这是译者自己对中文标题的解读,原作者并无此意。作为翻译我们还是要尊重作者的本意。正巧家中藏有一部中国对外翻译出版公司出版的《美国的文学》(方杰译),书中把它译成《不散的筵席》,非常地道的中文,又符合作者之意,令人信服。
“Scott Fitzgerald invited us to have lunch(换气)with his wife Zelda and his little daughter(换气)at the furnished flat(气息短的可以在这再换一口气) they had rented at 14 rue Tilsitt(换气).”
“At this time Zelda could drink more than Scott could and Scott was afraid for her to pass out in the company they kept that spring and the places they went to.”
最后一例。“他把失败归咎于巴黎,这其实是组织得最适宜于一个作家在其中进行写作的地方。”(“He laid the failure to Paris, the town best organized for a writer to write in that there is,”)看到这句,是不是感到丈二和尚摸不着脑袋?我都怀疑汤老在1999年时是不是参考了当年拙劣的早期机器翻译软件。为什么不用最通俗的大白话说呢?“巴黎是最适合作家写作的城市。”
If you are lucky enough to have lived in Paris as a young man, then wherever you go for the rest of your life, it stays with you, for Paris is a movable feast.
第一是他的用词。读这本回忆录的第一感觉就是:它的英文很浅显。就像他的其他作品一样,他挑选的词汇都是再平常不过了。比如我们来读这一句:“It was easier to think if I was walking and doing something or seeing people doing something that they understood.” 或者是这一句:“The meals were simple and excellent and the dining room and the wood-planked public bar were well heated and friendly.” 他选用的了easy、excellent、friendly和simple这样simple的形容词,而动词的选择是do、 understand和think这样寻常的词汇。要不是我告诉你这是海明威的作品,你是不是都不敢相信它出于大文豪之手?惊讶之后是不是觉得有一点清新的感觉?所以即使你的词汇量不大,也是可以写出好文章的。
其次是在句式上,海明威大量地采用简单句式而不用从句,这个也是有点不可思议。英文语法的一大特色就是从句,也是我们学习英文时最头痛的地方,一句话可以有数十行,从句叠从句,是无数英语考试的法宝。海明威摒弃了从句,并不意味他写的都是短句。他喜欢用and作为连接词,将并列句(并列句不是从句)连起来。我们来看一个例子:“She loved to swim and was a beautiful diver and she was happy with that life and would want him to work and everything would be disciplined.” 一般来说,英文并列句在连接词(比如and)之前会放一个逗号,可是海明威省掉了逗号,这样让他的句子读起来有一种特别的紧凑感──这是他的一个招牌特色。我们再来读一句:“Scott told me about the Riviera and how my wife and I must come there the next summer and how we would go there and how he would find a place for us that was not expensive and we would both work hard every day and swim and lie on the beach and be brown and only have a single apéritif before lunch and one before dinner.”感受到那种紧迫感了吗?
海明威不仅在用词用句上精炼,他在小说的内容上也推崇精简。他有一个著名的“冰山理论”或叫“省略理论”,在《流动的盛宴》里就有阐述:“This was omitted on my new theory that you could omit anything if you knew that you omitted and the omitted part would strengthen the story and make people feel something more than they understood.” 他说,如果你是有意识地省略一些你知道的内容,这反而会加强你的故事;相反,如果你并不了解你省略的内容,那么这种省略是毫无意义的(“If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless.”)。他在另一本书中总结到:“冰山的尊严在于它浮在水面上的仅有的八分之一。”(“The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”)
海明威的写作遵守严格的作息纪律。他每天写作不告一段落不停笔,停笔的时候必定已经想好了下面会发生什么。这样的话,第二天就一定能够继续。收工之后海明威就再也不去想他的写作,而是把注意力放在观察生活和阅读上,同时让他的潜意识在不知不觉中接着工作(“That way my subconscious would be working on it”)。在书中《迷惘的一代》一文中,他用井水来解释这种有节制的创作。他说,永远不要(在一天内)用尽你创作的源泉,在井的深处还有东西的时候就停下来,在夜晚的时候让灵感的泉水重新将它注满。
当海明威遇到写作的瓶颈的时候,他会对自己说:“别担心,你一直能写的,现在也可以。你要做的就是写一个真实可信的句子。写你所知道的最真实的句子。”(“All you have to do is write one true sentence. Write the truest sentence that you know.”)所以说,千里之行始于足下,一部优秀的小说开始于一个真实的句子。当他写得顺利的时候,他会进入一种境界,就仿佛故事在写自己,而他却都要跟不上了。(“The story was writing itself and I was having a hard time keeping up with it.”)
读《流动的盛宴》,你不仅可以学到简洁紧凑的英文写作,你还将随着作者走进他在巴黎的日子,那个被伍迪艾伦誉为“黄金时代”的巴黎。海明威和当时在巴黎的其他文化名人一样,尚未成名,还在努力,许多轶事在他笔下娓娓道来,清新,谐趣。这是一段贫穷而快乐的日子,就像他说的:“But this is how Paris was in the early days when we were very poor and very happy.”